Reading acuity became the limiting factor. The deterioration in reading performance was also associated with the increasing degree of addition required to see the end point, N8. There might also be non-visual factors affecting reading performance in the elderly. Reading rate in normal vision is little affected by large changes in photopic luminance. Physiological changes such as reduction of crystalline lens flexibility caused a reduction in quality of near vision that might affect reading performance –. Smaller pupil size and increasing density of the crystalline lens both contribute to lower retinal illuminance and might reduce reading speeds at all character sizes. Visual changes in old age other than contrast sensitivity might cause a different pattern of results. If contrast sensitivity plays a role in limiting reading speed, then age-related changes in low and high-spatial-frequency contrast sensitivity will result in reading deficits for large and small characters, respectively. Reading speed declines for smaller or larger characters. Age-related deficits in extracting information from text composed of very large characters might be anticipated due to images of large texts from signage move across the retina during information extraction process. There is also evidence that the low-spatial frequency enhancement of contrast sensitivity due to temporal modulation is diminished in people over 60 years of age –. Such losses might adversely affect performance on visual tasks involving fine detail, such as reading very small print. Eye tracking ability suffers similar subtle change with age. After 45 years of age, there are measurably losses especially in the middle and high spatial frequencies. Healthy aging eyes exhibit subtle visual deficits. The critical print size for children was adult-like by the age of 7 and reading acuity by the age of 9. The reading speed increased with age, corresponding to 13% words per minute (wpm) from grades 3 to grades 8 of schoolchildren, as well as the improvement of reading acuity and critical print size. Further calculation for acuity and speed, which were the critical print size and maximum reading speed respectively, were the important functional measures of reading performance. Two good indicators about the ability of reading are reading acuity and reading speed.
In the clinical setting, reading performance could be measured using several parameters such as reading error –, reading comprehension, reading rate, reading acuity, and reading speed. Reading activity can be affected by several factors such as font size, font type, field size, contrast, eye movement, and age. Quality of life declines for anyone who experiences difficulty in reading. Reading affects the quality of life from childhood to adulthood. Our networked digital culture has transformed the way we read –. The efficiency to extract text information from our environment is a decisive factor for success in a knowledge-driven, highly-literate society –.
As economic changes revolution from traditional industry to information technology era, fluency of reading plays an important role in most educational, occupational and recreational activities –. Reading is a complex skill and earned by learning –.
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